While the left-wing alliance won a majority of seats, Macron appointed the conservative Barnier in an attempt to restore stability.
But his government has been consistently undermined because he does not have a majority.
On Monday, Barnier decided to implement controversial social security reforms, citing a presidential decree, after failing to garner enough support for the measures.
The budget bill called for €60 billion (£49 billion) in tax increases and spending cuts.
But Barnier was forced to make the changes demanded by critics because he lacked a parliamentary majority.
He is now expected to become the shortest-serving prime minister in France’s Fifth Republic, with the left-wing bloc in the National Assembly as well as the far-right predicted to back the movement against him.
If he fails the vote, he will remain as interim prime minister until Macron announces a new government.
While Macron, who is on a state visit to Saudi Arabia, has reportedly begun considering his choice to be the next prime minister, the process could take weeks, as it did in the summer.
