Social learning theory
big idea: Learners acquire behaviors and strategies by observing others and interpreting the consequences of those behaviors.
Related terms: Behaviorism; Communal Constructivism; Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory; Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD); Gradual Release of Liability (GRR); Cognitive load theory; Feedback in training
definition: Social learning theory associated with Albert Bandura explains learning as a process that occurs through observation, imitation, and cognitive interpretation of modeled behavior and its outcomes. Learners selectively turn to models—teachers, peers, or digital sources—encode what they see and evaluate whether these behaviors are worth replicating based on expected consequences and perceived self-efficacy.
The theory integrates behavioral and cognitive perspectives, emphasizing both environmental contingencies (reinforcement, norms, sanctions) and internal processes (attention, memory, motivation). Rather than treating learning solely as a product of direct reinforcement, social learning theory emphasizes secondary learning: students can learn what is valued, discouraged, or effective simply by observing how others behave in shared learning spaces.
What it looks like in practice:
- The teacher models thinking aloud, demonstrating annotation or steps of reasoning; students later reflect both language and structure in their own work.
- During discussion, several students use evidence-based statements or respectful turn-taking; these patterns of discourse quickly become normative throughout the group.
- In an induction program, novice teachers follow experienced colleagues, learning routines, phrasing and classroom management moves.
- Online learning groups show similar patterns in which productive behaviors emerge as students mimic the organization, feedback, and strategies of high-performing peers.
Implementation strategies:
- Use intentional modeling: Explicitly demonstrate the target behavior (eg, routine inquiries, calculation checks, use of evidence).
- Name the criteria: When modeling, articulate why the behavior works (“This step verifies the assertion; this annotation reduces ambiguity”).
- Partner leverage models: Show student work or reflections that illustrate the desired strategies.
- Include a guided rehearsal: Provide structured opportunities where students imitate, practice and refine their behavior with feedback.
- Align the reinforcement: Give feedback that reinforces the modeled behavior you want to become habitual.
| Focus | Learning by observing and interpreting the behavior of others |
| Key processes | Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation |
| Level | Individual cognition embedded in social context |
| Typical uses | Modeling academic behavior, norms, discourse, and problem-solving strategies |
quote: Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Prentice-Hall.
